Options: continental drift theory
seafloor spreading theory
plate tectonic theory
convection current
internal structure of the Earth

1) The earth has three compositional layers- crust, mantle and core. The mantle is divided into three sublayers the uppermost rigid part of the mantle, the asthenosphere and the mesosphere. In a similar manner, the core is subdivided into the liquid outer core and the solid inner core.

2) Aside from compositional layers, the Earth's interior can also be divided into mechanical layers. This is based on their mechanical properties like phase and movement but NOT on composition.
3) The crust and the first sublayer of the mantle (the uppermost rigid part of the mantle) are both solid and they are observed to move together. Thus, the two for the outermost mechanical layer of the Earth - the lithosphere. The second sublayer of the mantle the asthenosphere has different mechanical properties compared to the lithosphere because it is partially melted and it flows like a fluid. It is considered to be another mechanical layer.

4) The earth's hard outermost mechanical layer, the lithosphere, is fragmented into several segments called lithospheric/tectonic plates.

5) These plates float on top of a fluid-like mechanical layer called the asthenosphere

6) Materials in the mantle which includes the asthenosphere form

7) Convection currents form when the materials at the bottom of the convection currents. mantle are much hotter than the materials at the top of the mantle. The hotter materials float up while the colder materials sink down forming a circular flow of magma.

8) The movement of convection currents in the asthenosphere drags the lithospheric plates floating above it causing them to move.

9) The materials at the bottom of the mantle are hotter because they absorb the heat coming from the core. The core of the Earth is the hottest compositional layer.

10) When a convection current moves up it could create a crack in the lithosphere into which magma could come out. We usually find these cracks in the ocean floor. We call them mid-oceanic ridges.

11) Continental crusts and oceanic crusts are part of the lithosphere:

12) The continents move but not on their own. It is because continental crusts are part of the lithosphere and the lithosphere moves.

13) The oceans move but not on their own. It is because oceanic crusts are part of the lithosphere and the lithosphere moves.

14) The movements of the tectonic plates (which was caused by the convection currents) in turn causes the formation of the three types of boundary interactions discussed in module 2.

15) The different boundary interactions form geological features such as earthquakes, tsunamis, mid-oceanic ridges, rift valleys, mountains, land volcanoes, underwater volcanoes, volcanic islands and trenches.

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